Economics Of Thanksgiving

My darling wife found this article on the average cost of a meal at Thanksgiving and requested my analysis of the economics of Thanksgiving. Since I hate to deny her anything she wants, here are my thoughts:

As an economist, I wondered why people don't go out to eat on Thanksgiving and instead eat a large meal they prepare at home.

The article quotes a study that finds that a meal for 10 people costs $44.61 or about $4.50 per person which on the face of it seems pretty cheap. A good reason for eating in, as you can't get that quality of a meal at that price from a restaurant.

However, the study doesn't take into account the value of people's time. One recipe site recommends beginning your preparations at 10:45 am in order to eat at 5:30 pm. There are at least 2 hours of breaks in their cooking schedule but also, we need to add the time spent shopping for the specific Thanksgiving foods and clean up, which I'll estimate at 1 hour and 1 hour respectively. The total time for Thanksgiving cooking: 5 hours and 45 minutes.

Here are where some assumptions are going to be important. The less people enjoy cooking, the higher their time cost is going to be. Typically, the assumption is that people value their time at their wage rate (that being the opportunity cost). Below are some assumptions of people's value of time and their effect on the per person cost of the meal.



According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average production worker earns just under $19 per hour. Earning $50,000 per year leads to an hourly wage of $25 per hour (working 40 hours a week, 50 weeks per year).

My guess is that to buy a comparable meal from a restaurant you'd have to pay at least $20 plus tip. These estimates seem to indicate that people who earn more $40 per hour (salary of $80,000 per year) would be made worse off by having to stay home and cook their own meals!

This clearly isn't the whole picture. People value time with the family and the special taste of their family recipes. Thanksgiving isn't inefficient for the rich because they enjoy the family time too. However, if Lincoln had added a second and a third Thanksgiving in March and July and I bet you'd see more people eating out.

Illegal Music

Here’s the headline and subtitle of an article about British music priracy:
“Illegal downloaders 'spend the most on music', says poll
Crackdown on music piracy could further harm ailing industry”

The author of this article is making a critical error. She assumes that the correlation between amount of money spent on music and downloading is causal when based on this study, it is just correlation. Consider two people: Al, a music-lover, has a high willingness to pay for music and Bill, who is indifferent to music, and has a low willingness to pay.

If there is no possibility that they could download music illegally, Al would still spend more on music than Bill. If all music was free on the internet and could be downloaded without fear of punishment, Al would again consume more music than Bill.

Since the legal music competes with illegal music, the price of one affects the demand for the other. An increase in the price of legal music may drive Al to download more illegally. In fact, since Al can get music illegally, it makes him less willing to pay for the legal music.

The effect would be the same for Bill. Low music expenditures would be correlated to low illegal downloads because that person doesn’t like music! This correlation does not imply that shutting down music piracy would be bad for the music industry. Shutting down piracy would drive Al and Bill back to legal music downloads (since the price of illegal music would become infinite). This would be good for record companies.

When the author claims that a crackdown could harm the music industry, she is assuming that legal music and illegal music are complements. That perhaps if you can hear it an album first, you’re more likely to pony up money for it.

My point is that the study doesn’t tell you whether legal and illegal music are substitutes or complements. You’d need a study that looks at how changes in the price of legal music affect the amount of illegal music downloads or a study that looked at how restricted access to illegal music affects legal music purchases.

Based on what the recording industry says, I’d bet they are substitutes. It’s their profits that are being impacted, so I’d give them the benefits of the doubt on this one. If illegal music is really a complement, they wouldn’t be so avid to shut it down, they'd be running free music stations themselves.